Plain steel casings: provide the crucial structural integrity, preventing the borehole walls from collapsing and sealing off the well from surface contaminants. 

Screened steel casings: Allows groundwater to flow into the well efficiently while simultaneously filtering out sand, silt, and other fine particles. It also protects pumping equipment from damage.

Plain uPVC casings provide a strong, non-corrosive structural lining that prevents the well from collapsing and seals it off from surface contaminants.

Screened uPVC casings: Allows flow of water into the well while effectively filtering out sand and other fine particles. It also protects the pump from damage.

It provides a stable and protective lining for the upper part of the borehole, extending from the ground surface to a depth below the unstable surface layers like soil, sand, and gravel. By sealing off these formations, the surface casing prevents the borehole walls from collapsing during the drilling process and protects the main well from contamination. This creates a secure entry point for the borehole, allowing for the safe installation of the permanent production casing and well screen, ultimately ensuring a longer-lasting, more reliable well.

uPVC column pipes are designed for submersible borewell pumps to lift water from underground sources to the surface. They serve as a crucial link between the submerged pump and the delivery point, withstand high internal hydrostatic pressure and significant tensile load due to the pump and pipes' weight.

Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes, which are steel pipes coated with a protective layer of zinc. The main use of GI pipes is to provide a robust and durable conduit for water extraction. Their high tensile strength and rigidity allow them to withstand the substantial weight of a submersible pump and the water column, especially in deep boreholes where other materials like PVC might not be strong enough to handle the stress.

An adapter set is a crucial component in ensuring a secure connection between a submersible pump and column pipe, bridging the incompatibility between the pump's and pipe's threads. It also helps bear the weight of the pump and water column, preventing failure under immense load. 

Drilling foam, a mixture of water, air, and foaming agent, is used in borehole drilling to create a stable medium for carrying cuttings. It's useful in low water tables or areas with limited water availability. Its low density and high viscosity prevent settling and collapse, making it a valuable tool. 

Calgon, also known as sodium hexametaphosphate, is a chemical compound used in drilling and well maintenance to disperse clay and other particles. It prevents clay from swelling and destabilizing the borehole. Calgon is also used to clean clogged boreholes with mineral deposits or silt, restoring water flow and efficiency. 

Bentonite is a clay used in borehole drilling as a component of drilling mud. Its properties include swelling and forming a viscous slurry, which cools and lubricates the drill bit, effectively transports drill cuttings, and creates a low-permeability "mud cake" on the borehole walls, ensuring efficient, safer, and cleaner drilling operations. 

A junction box is a crucial electrical component that ensures a secure, waterproof connection between a submersible pump's motor cable and the power supply cable, protecting it from environmental factors like moisture and dirt, ensuring a reliable and durable electrical circuit for long-term pump operation. 

Steam sockets are used to connect sections of piping, often galvanized iron (GI) pipes, within the well. These sockets are used to provide a strong, secure, and leak-proof joint between individual pipe lengths, ensuring the structural integrity of the entire column. Their primary function is to create a robust connection that can withstand the weight of the pipes and the pressure of the water being pumped. 

Borehole covers, also known as well caps or seals, are protective closures used to prevent contaminants from entering a well, ensuring sanitary integrity and safe drinking water. Made from durable materials, they are tightly sealed and often have a vented feature for air entry and exit. 

Starter pipes are the initial, wide-diameter pipes used in the drilling process to establish a stable entry point for the drill string into the ground, preventing collapse at the surface and guiding longer sections accurately, thus stabilizing topsoil and overburden.